John D. McKenna
ETS Inc., Roanoke VA

James H. Turner
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park NC

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1993 ETS, Inc. 476 pages. ISBN 1-882767-01-2.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Purpose of this Text
History of Fabric Filtration
Operating Principles and other Considerations
References

Theory of Fabric Filtration
Introduction Gas-to-Cloth Ratio
Pressure Drop and Drag
Cleaning Methods
Filtering Modes
Particle Size Distribution
Particle Characteristics
Theory vs. the Real World
References

Filter Media
Introduction
Natural Fibers
Synthetic Fibers
Other Fibers
Fiber Influences on Filtration
Yarns
Wovens
Non-Wovens
Treatments and Finishes
Media Selection
References and Bibliography

Baghouse Types and Cleaning Methods
Bag Design
Cleaning Methods
Baghouse Gas-Entry Configuration
Electrically Enhanced Fabric Filtration (EEFF)
Other Filtration Techniques
Other Mechanical Design Considerations
References

System Considerations
Describing the Process and its Impact on the Baghouse
Inlet Definition
Emission Goals
Baghouse Impact on Production
Flow Modeling
References

Design and Selection
Factors Affecting Baghouse Selection
Gas-to-Cloth Ratio
Media Selection
Selection Methodology
Design and Selection Examples
References

Auxiliary Equipment
Fans and Motors
Dampers and Flow Valves
Duct Designs
Dust Handling Systems
Hoppers
Heat Exchangers and Coolers
Penthouses
Accessories (e.g., Diffusers)
Instrumentation and Controls
References and Bibliography

Applications
Key Considerations that Influence Successful Baghouse Application
Low Temperature vs. High Temperature
Some Applications are Actually More than One Application
Baghouse vs. other Particulate Control Devices
Testing to Reduce Application Design Risks
Application Data
References and Bibliography

Cost Considerations and Optimization
Basic Cost Models
Capital Costs
Operating Costs
Annualized Costs
Example Cost Calculation
High-Temperature vs. Low-Temperature Baghouse Annualized Costs
Optimization
References

Combined Gaseous and Particulate Collection
Combined Collection Techniques
Combustion Gas Characteristics and Control
Spray Dryers
Dry Injection
Performance and Cost Considerations
References

Current Research and Development
Fabrics
Cleaning Techniques
Advanced Concepts
Monitors and Controls
References

Fabric Testing
Laboratory Tests
Field Testing
Quality Assurance
Case Histories
Bibliography

Baghouse Performance Evaluation
Performance Goals and Yardsticks
Baghouse Guarantees
Emission Test Methods
Operating Parameters: Measurement and Record Keeping
Design vs. Actual Performance
Operating Experience
References and Bibliography

Glossary

Gary P. Greiner
ETS Inc., Roanoke VA

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1993 ETS. 150 pages. ISBN 1-882767-02-0.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals
Introduction
The Basics
Pressure Drop and Emissons Control
Gas-to-Cloth Ratio
Pressure Drop Analysis
Baghouse Design and Selection
Cleaning Methods
Fabric Selection
Filter Fabrics
Summary

Installation
Installation Steps
Design Review
Inspection Checklist
Common Installation Errors

• Turning vanes, baffles and dampers
• Inleakage
• Between-compartment seals
• Corrosion protection
• Bag installation
• Bag tensionComponent rotation
• Fan vibration
• Compressed air
• O&M access

System Considerations
Process Considerations
Physical Location
Inlet Considerations

• Flow volume
• Static pressure
• Temperature
• Particulate loading
• Particle size and shape
• Moisture content
• Acid or alkaline contaminants
• Other system equipment
• Mechanical collectors
• System fan
• Heat recovery
• Hopper discharge
• Dust Disposal

Start-Up and Operation
Requirements for a Successful Start-Up
The Familiarization and Training Session
Initial Start-Up
Precoating and Initial Start-Up Guides
Operation
Bag Cleaning
Instrumentation and Controls
Shutdown
Safety

Guarantees
Introduction
Vendor Responsibilities
Baghouse Owner Responsibilities
Types of Guarantees

• Bag life
• Emissions
• Pressure drop
• Temperature
• Other

Record Keeping and Monitoring
Typical Guarantee Language
Costs of Guarantees

Inspection and Maintenance
Introduction
Preventive Maintenance

• Daily
• Weekly
• During compartment outages
• Annual or extended outages

Maintenance Records
The Maintenance Log
Spare Parts
Improving O&M
Bag Maintenance
Broken Bag Detection and Correction

Troubleshooting
Introduction
General Steps to Troubleshooting
Key Troubleshooting Goals
Stack Opacity Problems
High System Pressure Drop
High Tubesheet Pressure Drop
Short Bag Life

Improving and Optimizing O&M
Introduction
Establish a Database
A Case History
Normal Operation
Data Management and Display
Summary of a Case Study
The Keys to Long Bag Life
Selecting a Suitable Fabric
Bag Procurement Tasks
Bag Set Monitoring
Fabric Lab Testing
Optimizing the Cleaning Cycle and Energy
Alternatives Analysis
The Solution
Alternative Fabrics
Other Alternatives
Evaluations
Side Benefits
Summary

John D. McKenna
James H. Turner
James P. McKenna Jr.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright © 2008, 257 pages, ISBN 978-0-471-70963-3.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Overview of Particulate Matter (PM) Control
PM
PM10
PM2.5
The Scientific Basis for Ambient Air Quality Standards
Primary Standards vs. Secondary Standards
PM Effects of Concern
Who Is Most at Risk?
Current Legislation

Health Effects
Results of Recent Studies
EPA Position on Certain Health Effects

Air Monitoring
Ambient Air Monitoring Methods
Emission Measurement Methods

Emission Control Methods
Fabric Filter / Baghouses
Electrostatic Precipitators
Wet Scrubbers
Environmental Technology Verification and Baghouse Filtration Products
Cost Considerations

Nanoparticulates

Index

Louis Theodore and Robert Allen
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Bronx NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 379 pages. ISBN 1-882767-09-8.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Conservation Law for Mass · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Particulate Concentration · Collection Efficiency · Efficiency of Multiple Collectors · Dilution Factor · Overall Collection Efficiency · Particulate Discharge and Collection · Estimation of Vapor Pressure · Gas Concentration · Stoichiometry and Excess Air · Henry’s Law · Conservation Law for Energy · Required Heat Rate · Gross Heating Value · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Chemical Kinetics · Humidity · Updating/Predicting Equipment Costs · Decision Trees · Flow Diagram ·

Problems
Part 1: Particulate Control
Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
PSD 1: Log Normal Distribution
PSD 2: Mean and Standard Deviation

Fluid Particle Dynamics (FPD)
FPD 1: Particle Settling Velocity
FPD 2: Atmospheric Discharge

Gravity Settlers (GRS)
GRS 1: Minimum Particle Size
GRS 2: Traveling Grate Stoker

Cyclones (CYC)
CYC 1: Cut Diameter and Overall Collection Efficiency
CYC 2: Cyclone Selection

Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
ESP 1: Design Models
ESP 2: Flow Distribution
ESP 3: Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Design
ESP 4: Bus Section Failure

Venturi Scrubbers (VEN)
VEN 1: Design of a Venturi Scrubber
VEN 2: Venturi Scrubbers in Series
VEN 3: Plan Review – Contact Power Theory
VEN 4: Overall Collection Efficiency

Baghouses (BAG)
BAG 1: Baghouse Operation
BAG 2: Number of Bags, Pressure Drop, and Cleaning Frequency
BAG 3: Bag Failure
BAG 4: Collection Efficiency Model

Part 2: Gaseous Control
Combustion (CMB)
CMB 1: Combustion with Excess Air
CMB 2: Thermal Afterburner Design
CMB 3: Plan Review of a Direct Flame Afterburner
CMB 4: Plan Review of a Catalytic Afterburner

Adsorption (ADS)
ADS 1: Working Capacity
ADS 2: Non-Regenerable Adsorbers
ADS 3: Fixed Bed Adsorber Design
ADS 4: Regeneration

Absorption (ABS)
ABS 1: Absorption Principles
ABS 2: Packing Height
ABS 3: Tower Height and Diameter
ABS 4: Packed Tower Absorber Design with No Data

Condensation (CON)
CON 1: Surface Condenser Design
CON 2: Dry Cleaner Application

Part 3: Other Considerations
Dry Scrubbers (DRY)
DRY 1: Water Requirement
DRY 2: Dry Scrubber Lime Requirements

Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (WEP)
WEP 1: WEP Design WEP 2: Tube Alignment

Ionizing Wet Scrubbers (IWS)
IWS 1: Particulate Collection Efficiency and Pressure Drop
IWS 2: Design Procedure

Monitoring (MON)
MON 1: Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) Systems
MON 2: Anderson 2000 Sampler

Economics (ECO)
ECO 1: Breakeven Operation
ECO 2: Annualized Capital and Installation Costs
ECO 3: Air Pollution Control Options
ECO 4: Discounted Cash Flow Method of Analysis

Solutions to Problems

Appendix A: Glossary

Appendix B: SI Units

Appendix C: Viscosity of Gases at 1.0 Atmosphere

Appendix D: Psychrometric Chart

Index

P. T. Vasudevan
Department of Biochemical Engineering
University of New Hampshire

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 339 pages. ISBN 1-882767-12-8.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Enzyme and Microbial Kinetics · Enzyme Reaction Mechanisms · Effectiveness Factor · Conversion Variables · Reaction Equilibrium · Arrhenius Equation · Biological Oxygen Demand · Reynolds Number · Power Number · Air Sterilization: Dimensionless Groups · Batch Sterilization: Time-Temperature Profiles · Numerical Integration · Numerical Differentiation · Transformation of Equations to Linear Form · Linear Regression Analysis · Runge-Kutta Technique · Newton-Raphson Technique ·

Problems
Enzyme Kinetics (EK)
EK 1: Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
EK 2: Quasi Steady-State Approximation
EK 3: Competitive Inhibition
EK 4: Non-Competitive Inhibition
EK 5: Substrate Inhibition
EK 6: Enzyme Catalysis: Rate Expressions

Immobilized Enzyme Systems (IES)
IES 1: Immobilized Enzyme: Estimation of Kinetic Parameters
IES 2: Enzyme Deactivation

Metabolic Pathways (MP)
MP 1: Determination of Equilibrium ATP Concentration
MP 2: Estimation of ATP Production and Overall Efficiency

Microbial Kinetics (MK)
MK 1: Monod Growth Kinetics
MK 2: Transient Microbial Kinetics
MK 3: Estimation of Growth and Kinetic Parameters
MK 4: Growth Stoichiometry and Yield Coefficients

Bioreactors (Fermenters) (BF)
BF 1: Batch Fermenter
BF 2: Chemostat: Continuous Stirred Tank Fermenter
BF 3: Fed-Batch Fermenter
BF 4: Fluidized Bed Bioreactor

Comparison of Reactors (COM)
COM 1: Comparison of Batch and Continuous Stirred Tank Fermenters
COM 2: Multistage Chemostats
COM 3: CSTF and PFF in Series
COM 4: Immobilized Cell Bioreactor

Aeration and Agitation (AA)
AA 1: Design of an Aeration-Agitation System
AA 2: Determination of Oxygen Uptake Rate

Scale-Up and Sterilization (SUST)
SUST 1: Design of a Batch Sterilization Unit
SUST 2: Design of a Continuous Sterilization Unit
SUST 3: Design of Air Sterilizer
SUST 4: Scale-Up of a Fermentation Unit

Bioseparations (BSEP)
BSEP 1: Batch Filtration
BSEP 2: Centrifugation
BSEP 3: Membrane Separation
BSEP 4: Liquid-Liquid Extraction
BSEP 5: Adsorption
BSEP 6: Liquid Chromatography

Mixed Cultures (MC)
MC 1: Predator-Prey Problem
MC 2: Recombinant DNA: Stability in Batch Cultures
MC 3: Activated Sludge Process
MC 4: Trickling Biological Filters
MC 5: Design of Trickling Biological Filters
MC 6: Anaerobic Digestion

Solutions to Problems

Index

Louis Theodore
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1992 Louis Theodore. 270 pages. ISBN 1-882767-05-5.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Conservation Law for Mass · Stoichiometry · Complete Combustion of a Gas · Chemical Kinetics · Reaction Mechanisms · Conversion Variables · Volume Correction Factor · Arrhenius Equation · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Conservation Law for Energy · Required Heat Rate · Standard Enthalpy of Reaction · Gross Heating Value · Integration · Differentiation · Newton-Raphson · Runge-Kutta · Linear Regression Analysis · Decision Trees · Flow Diagrams

Problems
Ideal Gas Law (IGL)
IGL 1: Gas Concentrations
IGL 2: Flue Gas Flow Rate

Stoichiometry (STC)
STC 1: Combustion with Stoichiometric Air
STC 2: Combustion with Excess Air

Batch Reactors (BAT)
BAT 1: Liquid Phase Reactions
BAT 2: Reactor Charge
BAT 3: Gas Phase Reactions
BAT 4: Reactor Down Time

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CST)
CST 1: Elementary Liquid Phase Reactors
CST 2: Gas Phase Reactions
CST 3: CSTRs in Series
CST 4: Minimum Volume for Two CSTRs in Series

Tubular Flow Reactors (TUB)
TUB 1: Carbon Tetrachloride Conversion Mechanisms
TUB 2: Gas Phase Reactions
TUB 3: Reversible Reactions
TUB 4: Non-Elementary Reactions

Comparison of Reactors (COM)
COM 1: Combination of Reactors
COM 2: CSTRs vs Tubular Flow Reactors

Thermal Effects (THR)
THR 1: Batch Reactors
THR 2: CSTR Reactors
THR 3: Tubular Flow Reactors
THR 4: Fluidized Bed Reactors

Interpretation of Kinetic Data (IKD)
IKD 1: Batch Reactors
IKD 2: CSTR Reactors
IKD 3: Tubular Flow Reactors
IKD 4: Complex Systems

Catalytic Reactors (CAT)
CAT 1: Fluidized Bed Reactors
CAT 2: Fixed Bed Reactors

Economics (ECO)
ECO 1: Updating/Predicting Equipment Costs
ECO 2: Breakeven Operation
ECO 3: Annualized Capital, Operating and Maintenance Costs
ECO 4: Fixed Bed vs Fluidized Bed Reactor Economic Comparison

Environmental Considerations (ENV)
ENV 1: Incinerator Design Using Kinetic Principles
ENV 2: Feedstock pH Control by Blending
ENV 3: Environmental Toxicology
ENV 4: Lime Requirements for Acid Gas Control

Risk Analysis (RSK)
RSK 1: Threshold Limit Values
RSK 2: Reactor Failure
RSK 3: Series and Parallel Systems
RSK 4: Nuclear Reactor Discharge

Solutions to Problems

Appendix: SI Units

Index

Louis Theodore and Kristina M. Neuser
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1996 Louis Theodore. 258 pages. ISBN 1-882767-19-5.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Simple Interest · Compound Interest · Present Worth · Evaluation of Sums of
Money · Depreciation · Fabricated Equipment Cost Index · Capital Recovery Factor · Perpetual Life · Break-even Point · Approximate Rate of Return · Exact Rate of Return · Bonds · Incremental Cost · Minimum Cost · Numerical Integration · Numerical Differentiation · Newton-Raphson Method · Runge-Kutta · Linear Regression Analysis

Problems
Principles
Sums of Money (SOM)
SOM 1: Installment Size of Semiannual Loan Payments
SOM 2: Discharging of a Mortgage at any Time Prior to the Endpoint

Interest (INT)
INT 1: Repayment of a Loan Through Deposits to a Savings Account
INT 2: Payment Period with a Different Interest Period
INT 3: Borrowing Against Future Income
INT 4: Deferred Investments
INT 5: Modified Method of Deferred Investment
INT 6: Deductions from a Purchase Price

Depreciation (DEP)
DEP 1: Straight Line Depreciation
DEP 2: Sinking Fund Depreciation

Annual Cost (ANC)
ANC 1: Alternate Proposals with Differing Service Lives
ANC 2: Service Life and Return on Investment
ANC 3: Warranted Extra Expenditure
ANC 4: Ownership vs. Rental of Utilities
ANC 5: Variable Annual Cost
ANC 6: Additional Theater Attendance and Warranted Extra Expenditure

Capitalized Cost (CAP)
CAP 1: Cost Comparisons with Different Lifetimes
CAP 2: Perpetual Life and Capital Recovery

Rate of Return (ROR)
ROR 1: Rate of Return and Simple Interest
ROR 2: Rate of Return on an Extra Investment

Bonds (BND)
BND 1: Bond Purchase Price
BND 2: Amount of Bond Issue

Applications
Domestic (DOM)
DOM 1: Present Worth Factor and Periodic Deposit
DOM 2: Depreciation and Appraisal Value
DOM 3: Annual Cost Comparison Using Straight Line Depreciation
DOM 4: Present and Future Income
DOM 5: Choosing Between New and Existing Equipment
DOM 6: Uniform Annual Sale and the Break-Even Point
DOM 7: Depreciation of a Home and its Equipment with Separate Corresponding Useful Lifetimes DOM 8: Amortization of an Initial Purchase and its Replacement

Real Estate (RES)
RES 1: Justifiable Expense for Annual Savings
RES 2: Annual Cost and Gross Revenue Comparison
RES 3: Percentage of Operating Capacity to Break Even
RES 4: Perpetual Life and the Comparison of Alternate Highway Proposals
RES 5: Annual Tax on Public vs. Private Ownership of a Sewer Treatment Plant
RES 6: Comparison of Alternate Proposals on the Basis of Present Worth

Industrial (IND)
IND 1: Purchase vs. Licensing of a Patent
IND 2: Straight Line Appraisal with Sinking Fund Depreciation
IND 3: Comparison of Alternate Proposals with the Inclusion of Electricity Requirements
IND 4: Optimization of a Bridge’s Span Length through Minimum Cost
IND 5: Kelvin’s Law and the Optimum Number of Parts per Lot
IND 6: Economic Lot Size per Order
IND 7: Break-even Point of Enameled vs. Tinned Wire
IND 8: Deferred Maintenance Costs

Utilities (UTL)
UTL 1: Revision of a Payment Schedule
UTL 2: Variation of Appraisal Value with Time
UTL 3: Insulation Thickness and Energy Loss
UTL 4: Bond Amortization
UTL 5: Replacement of an Electric Plant Not in Kind
UTL 6: Fixed and Variable Cost of a Power Plant

Environmental (ENV)
ENV 1: Baghouse Annualized Capital, Operating and Maintenance Costs
ENV 2: Liquid Injection vs. Rotary Kiln Economic Comparison
ENV 3: Equipment Options
ENV 4: Distillation vs. Extraction Comparison

Solutions to Problems

Appendix: Glossary of Abbreviations

Index

Ihab H. Farag
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of New Hampshire

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1995 Louis Theodore. 486 pages. ISBN 1-882767-16-0.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual and Standard Volumetric Flow Rates · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Force, Stress and Pressure · Strain Rate, Shear Rate, and Velocity Field · Force Balance · Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids · Surface Tension: Capillary Rise · Surface Tension: Droplet Pressure Increase · Vapor Pressure and Cavitation · Velocity, Mass Flux, and Linear Momentum · Reynolds Number · Compressible versus Incompressible Flow · Velocity Distribution and Volumetric Flow Rate · Non-Newtonian Fluids · Pipe and Tube Sizes · Conservation Law for Mass · Conservation Law for Energy · Conservation Law for Linear Momentum · Updating/Predicting Equipment Costs · Linearization of Non-linear Data · Integration · Differentiation · Newton-Raphson Method · Graphical Solutions to Complex Equations · Decision Trees

Problems
Fluid Statics (STAT)
STAT 1: Hydrostatic Bernoulli’s Equation
STAT 2: Buoyancy Effects; Archimedes’ Law
STAT 3: Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation

Fluid Flow Equations (FFEQ)
FFEQ 1: Steady State Integral Mass Balance
FFEQ 2: Transient Integral Mass Balance
FFEQ 3: Energy Balance
FFEQ 4: Flow Work and Enthalpy
FFEQ 5: Bernoulli’s Equation
FFEQ 6: Unsteady State Bernoulli’s Equation
FFEQ 7: Steady State Momentum Balance
FFEQ 8: Momentum Balance on a Nozzle

Dimensional Analysis (DIMA)
DIMA 1: Dimensional Analysis, Buckingham Pi Theorem
DIMA 2: Scale-up and Similarity

Pipe Flow (PIPE)
PIPE 1: Tank Draining: Torricelli’s Equation
PIPE 2: Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube
PIPE 3: Pipe Entrance Length
PIPE 4: Turbulent Flow: Law of the Wall
PIPE 5: Turbulent Flow in Smooth Pipes
PIPE 6: Turbulent Flow in Rough Pipes
PIPE 7: Viscosity Effect in Pipe Flow
PIPE 8: Flow Rate Calculations
PIPE 9: Pipe Sizing

Non-Circular Conduits (NONC)
NONC 1: Hydraulic Diameter Definition
NONC 2: Hydraulic Diameter Application

Valves, Fittings, and Others (VALV)
VALV 1: Losses from Valves and Fittings
VALV 2: Pipe Flow with Entrance and Exit Losses

Pipe Systems (PSYS)
PSYS 1: Series Pipe Flow
PSYS 2: Parallel Pipe Flow

Pumps, Fans and Compressors (PUMP)
PUMP 1: Sizing of Pump for Piping System
PUMP 2: Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves
PUMP 3: Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Fluid Particle Dynamics (FPDN)
FPDN 1: Stokes’ Flow
FPDN 2: Hindered Settling, Wall Effects and Cunningham Correction
FPDN 3: Settling Velocity and Hydraulic Separation
FPDN 4: Atmospheric Discharge

Porous Medium (PORM)
PORM 1: Porous Medium Velocity and Reynolds Number
PORM 2: Flow Rate in Ion Exchanger
PORM 3: Baghouse Pressure Drop and Cleaning Frequency
PORM 4: Collection Efficiency Model

Fluidization (FLDZ)
FLDZ 1: Minimum Fluidization Velocity
FLDZ 2: Fluidization: Pressure Drop and Bed Height

Non-Newtonian Fluids (NONF)
NONF 1: Power-Law and Apparent Viscosity

Flow Measurement (FLOM)
FLOM 1: Viscosity Measurement
FLOM 2: Manometry and Pressure Measurements
FLOM 3: Velocity Measurement: Pitot Tube
FLOM 4: Venturi Meter
FLOM 5: Orifice Meter
FLOM 6: Constriction Meter for Flow Rate

Advanced Section Velocity (VELV)
VELV 1: Velocity Vector, Kinematics, Acceleration
VELV 2: Incompressible, Irrotational and Potential Flow

Pressure (PRES)
PRES 1: Pressure Distribution Equation
PRES 2: Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion: Uniform Linear Acceleration PRES 3: Pressure Distribution in Irrotational Incompressible Flow

Mass Balance (MASB)
MASB 1: The Continuity Equation

Momentum Balance (MOMB)
MOMB 1: Flow of a Falling Film
MOMB 2: Von Karman Mass Integral Analysis of Boundary Layer
MOMB 3: Von Karman Momentum Integral Analysis of Boundary Layer

Appendix A: Glossary

Appendix B: Tables
Common Conversion Factors
Properties of Common Gases at 1 atm and 20 C (68 F)
Properties of Common Liquids at 1 atm and 20 C (68 F)
Properties of Water at 1 atm
Properties of Air at 1 atm
Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel Pipes
Dimensions of Heat Exchanger Tubes
Lapple’s Table: Drag Coefficient of Spheres
Average Roughness of Commercial Pipe
Resistance Coefficients for Open Valves, Elbows and Tees
Increased Losses of Partially Open Valves
90-Degree Pipe Bends Loss Coefficient
Entrance and Exit Loss Coefficients
Tyler Standard Screen Mesh Table

Appendix C: Figures
Absolute Viscosity of Liquids
Absolute Viscosity of Gases and Vapors at 1 atm
Cox’s Chart: Vapor Pressure of Selected Liquids
Drag Coefficient for Spheres, Disks, and Cylinders
The Moody Chart for Pipe Friction Factor (Smooth and Rough Walls)
Discharge Coefficient of Drilled Circular Orifice Plates

Appendix D: Selected Common Abbreviations

Index

Tutorials

Louis Theodore
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan Colllege, Riverdale NY

J. Erik Moy
Raytheon Engineers & Constructors, Cambridge MA

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 419 pages. ISBN 1-882767-14-4.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Conservation Law for Mass · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Particulate Concentration · Collection Efficiency · Efficiency of Multiple Collectors · Dilution Factor Estimation of Vapor Pressure · Gas Concentration · Humidity · Henry’s Law · Stoichiometry · Complete Combustion of a Gas · Incomplete Combustion · Conservation Law for Energy · Required Heat Rate · Gross Heating Value · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Chemical Kinetics · Reaction Mechanisms · Arrhenius Equation · Flow Diagram ·

Problems
Stoichiometry (STC)
STC 1: Stoichiometry
STC 2: Combustion with Stoichiometric Air
STC 3: Combustion with Excess Air
STC 4: Flue Gas Flow Rate
STC 5: Lime Requirements for Acid Gas Control
STC 6: Combustion of a Waste Mixture

Regulations (REG)
REG 1: Destruction and/or Removal Efficiency (DRE)
REG 2: Trial Burns
REG 3: Regulatory Compliance
REG 4: Correcting Particulate Concentration to 50 % Excess Air
REG 5: Correcting Emissions to 7% Oxygen
REG 6: Trial Burn Detection Limits
REG 7: Trial Burn VOST Protocol
REG 8: Conversion Mechanisms for Surrogate POHCs

Pretreatment (PRE)
PRE 1: Brake Horsepower Requirement
PRE 2: Liquid Handling of Hazardous Waste
PRE 3: Solids Handling of Hazardous Waste
PRE 4: Compressors
PRE 5: Tank Farms and Materials of Construction
PRE 6: Estimating Air Emissions: Tank Filling
PRE 7: Feedstock pH Control by Blending
PRE 8: Limiting Lead (Pb) Content in Wastes

Incinerators (INC)
INC 1: Incinerator Residence Time
INC 2: Liquid Injection Incineration Design
INC 3: Rotary Kiln Residence Time
INC 4: Reasonable Dimensions
INC 5: Incineration Operation
INC 6: Incinerator Design Using Kinetic Principles

Sensible Heat Effects (SHE)
SHE 1: Enthalpy Changes
SHE 2: Effect of Temperature on Heat Capacity

Thermochemistry (TMC)
TMC 1: Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
TMC 2: Estimating Incinerator Adiabatic Flame Temperature
TMC 3: Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature (TAFT)
TMC 4: Adiabatic Flame Temperature (AFT)
TMC 5: Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature (TAFT) for a Waste Mixture
TMC 6: Flame Temperature (FT) of a Fuel

Chemical Reaction Equilibrium (CRE)
CRE 1: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant
CRE 2: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant for Sulfur Trioxide
CRE 3: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant for Chlorine
CRE 4: Chlorine Emissions
CRE 5: Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Emissions
CRE 6: Dissociation of Bromine

Quenchers (QNC)
QNC 1: Quench Alternatives
QNC 2: Spray Tower Quench Design
QNC 3: Quench Water Requirement
QNC 4: Quenching With Air
QNC 5: Quenching With Solids
QNC 6: Adiabatic Saturation Temperature

Waste Heat Boilers (WHB)
WHB 1: Boiler Outlet Temperature
WHB 2: Ganapathy’s Design Procedure
WHB 3: Steam Generation Rate
WHB 4: Acid Dew Point Estimation

Air Pollution Control Equipment (APE)
APE 1: Electrostatic Precipitator Design Models
APE 2: Design of a Venturi Scrubber
APE 3: Baghouse Operation
APE 4: Packed Tower Absorber Design with No Data

Solid Waste Incineration Applications (SWI)
SWI 1: Central Disposal Incineration Facilities
SWI 2: Steam Generation from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
SWI 3: Biomedical Waste Incineration Considerations
SWI 4: Regulatory Compliance for Hospital Waste Incineration

Radioactive Waste Incineration Applications (RWI)
RWI 1: Incineration and Disposal of Radioactive Waste
RWI 2: Regulatory and Safety Concerns for Radioactive Waste Incinerators

Solutions to Problems

Appendix A: SI Units; Conversion Constants; Common Abbreviations

Appendix B: Steam Tables

Appendix C: Psychrometric Charts

Index

Louis Theodore, Joseph Reynolds and Kevin Morris
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1996 Louis Theodore. 314 pages. ISBN 1-882767-18-7.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight Fraction, Mole Fraction, and Average Molecular Weight · Pressure
Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Stoichiometry · Required Heat
Rate · Gross Heating Value · Henry’s Law · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Chemical Kinetics · Molecular Diffusion · Decision Trees · Flow Diagram

Problems
Introduction Problems
Accidents at Home · History of Accidents · Community Emergency Planning · Shipping Yard
Hazards · Hazard and Health Risk Assessment

Toxicology Problems
Definitions · Toxicology Factors · Exposure Guidelines · Threshold Limit Values · IDLH and Lethal Level for a Gas · Dose-Response · Chemical Exposure in a Laboratory · Vapor Cloud Emission · Qualitative Health Risk Assessment · FAR Concept

Plant and Related Hazards
Flammability Limits and Ignition Delay Time · Fluid Flow Ventilation · Safety Equipment · Rupture Disks and Relief Valves · Explosion and Fire Hazards · Noise Control · Mass Transfer · Thermodynamics · Hazard Operability Study

Dispersion Problems
Emission Rates (Empirical) · Emission Rates (Semi-Theoretical) · Water Systems · Atmospheric Plume Rise · Atmospheric Dispersion Coefficients · Pasquill-Gifford Model · Line Sources · Area Sources · Instantaneous “Puff” Model · Instantaneous “Puff” Sources

Probability and Statistics
Principles · Problems · Conditional Probability · Bayes’ Theorem · Probability Distribution
Function · Series and Parallel Systems · Binomial Distribution · Weibull Distribution · Normal Distribution · Monte Carlo Simulation · Event Tree Analysis · Fault Tree Analysis

Design-Oriented Application Problems
Quantitative Risk Assessment for a Chemical Facility · Cost Effectiveness Analysis for an Accidental Toxic Chemical Release · Lifetime Individual Risk Assessment/Characterization · Greenhouse Effect · Accidental/Emergency Discharge into a Lake/Reservoir

Solutions
Solutions to Introduction Problems
Solutions to Toxicology Problems
Solutions to Plant and Related Hazards Problems
Solutions to Dispersion Problems
Solutions to Probability and Statistics Principles Problems
Solutions to Design-Oriented Application Problems

Appendices
Error Function (Probability Integral) Table
Dispersion Coefficients
Standard Normal Cumulative Probability Table
SI Units

Index

Ihab H. Farag
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of New Hampshire

Joseph Reynolds
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1996 Louis Theodore. 580 pages. ISBN 1-882767-21-7.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate and Mass Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids · Mechanisms of Heat Transfer · Thermal Conductivity · Convection · Heat Transfer · Thermal Insulation · Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient · Log Mean Temperature Difference, LMTD · Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient · Planar and Solid Angles · Boiling Point Elevation · Pipe and Tube Sizes · Conservation Law for Mass · Conservation Law for Energy · Updating/Predicting Equipment Costs · Linearization of Non-Linear
Data · Integration · Differentiation · Newton-Raphson Method · Graphical Solutions to Complex Equations · Decision Trees ·

Problems
Steady State Conduction (CON)
CON 1. Conduction Through Cylindrical Shells
CON 2. Conduction Through Spherical Shells
CON 3. Critical Insulation Thickness
CON 4. Optimum Thickness of Insulation
CON 5. Conservation of Energy

Unsteady State Conduction (UNS)
UNS 1. Lumped Heat Capacity (LHC) Method
UNS 2. Heating Time for Vapor Degreaser
UNS 3. Transient Conduction in Plate, Cylinders and Spheres
UNS 4. Wall of Infinite Thickness
UNS 5. Bricks, Finite Cylinders, and Other Composite Shapes

Heat Exchangers (HTX)
HTX 1. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers
HTX 2. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
HTX 3. Effectiveness – Number of Transfer Units (E-NTU) Method
HTX 4. Regenerators and Catalytic Beds

Radiation (RAD)
RAD 1. Thermal Radiation
RAD 2. Radiation Exchange Between Blackbody Surfaces
RAD 3. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission
RAD 4. Radiation Exchange Between Gray Diffuse Surfaces
RAD 5. Thermal Radiation Shields

Fins (FIN)
FIN 1. Fin Efficiency, Resistance and Effectiveness
FIN 2. Fin Arrays

Phase Changes (PHC)
PHC 1. Boiling Heat Transfer
PHC 2. The Boiling Curve
PHC 3. Water Boiling
PHC 4. Condensation Heat Transfer

Convection (CNV)
CNV 1. Local and Average Heat Transfer Coefficient
CNV 2. Flow Over Flat Surfaces
CNV 3. Convection Across Cylinders
CNV 4. Convection Across Spheres
CNV 5. Natural Convection

Flow in Tubes (TUB)
TUB 1. Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube
TUB 2. Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube
TUB 3. Turbulent Flow in a Non-Circular Tube
TUB 4. Liquid Metals Flow in a Circular Tube

Solutions to Problems

Appendix A: Units

Appendix B: Tables Appendix C: Figures

Index

Louis Theodore and James E. Barden
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1995 Louis Theodore. 361 pages. ISBN 1-882767-17-9.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual and Standard Volumetric Flow Rates · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Vapor Pressure · Gas Concentration · BOD, COD, and UOD · Humidity · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Conservation Law for Mass · Stoichiometry · Chemical Kinetics · Reaction Mechanisms · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Conservation Law for Energy · Required Heat Rate · Standard Enthalpy of Reaction · Cost Estimation · Decision Trees · Flow Diagrams · Integration · Differentiation · Newton Raphson · Runge-Kutta · Linear Regression Analysis ·

Problems
Fundamentals
Equilibrium Relationships · Henry’s Law · Fick’s Law · Mass Transfer Coefficients

Gas Absorption
Absorption Principles · Spray Tower · Packing Height · Tower Height and Diameter · Packed Tower Absorber Design With No Data · Multicomponent Plate Tower Design

Liquid Absorption (Stripping)
Minimum Stripping Gas Rate · Air Stripping VOCs

Gas Adsorption
Adsorption Equilibria · Working Capacity · Degreaser Ventilation · Design Review · Adsorber Design · Regeneration

Liquid Adsorption
Freundlich Isotherm · Breakthrough Adsorption Capacity

Distillation
Bubble and Dew Points · Flash Distillation · Batch Distillation · McCabe-Thiele Method · Distillation in a Packed Column · Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method

Extraction
Liquid-Liquid Extraction · Liquid-Solid Extraction (Leaching)

Health and Safety Awareness
Safe Exposure Levels · Threshold Limit Values – Mixture · Respirators · HAZOP and HAZAN

Environmental Applications
Control of VOC Discharges · Emission Rates · Volatile Solvent Storage · Accidental/Emergency Discharge into a Lake/Reservoir

Economics
Absorber Packing Selection · Breakeven Operation · Annualized Capital and Installation Costs · Equipment Options · Distillation vs. Extraction Comparison · Wastes from Mass Transfer Operations

Solutions
Fundamentals · Gas Absorption · Liquid Absorption (Stripping) · Gas Adsorption · Liquid Adsorption · Distillation · Extraction · Health and Safety Awareness · Environmental Applications · Economics

Appendix: Unit Conversions

Index

Joseph Reynolds
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1992 Louis Theodore. 240 pages. ISBN 1-882767-07-1.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Dalton’s Law and Componential Flow Rates · Critical and Reduced Properties · Integration · Differentiation · Newton-Raphson · Graphical Solutions to Complex Equations · Flow Diagrams

Problems
Introduction to Material Balances (IMB)
IMB 1: Material Balance Around a Single Unit
IMB 2: The Balance Equation

Material Balances for Non-Reactive Processes (MBN)
MBN 1: Material Balances Around Multiple Units
MBN 2: Basis and Scale-Up
MBN 3: Recycle
MBN 4: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

Material Balances for Reactive Processes (MBR)
MBR 1: Stoichiometry
MBR 2: Molecular, Atomic and “Extent of Reaction” Balances
MBR 3: Excess and Limiting Reactant
MBR 4: Multiple Reactions
MBR 5: Conversion, Yield and Selectivity
MBR 6: Chemical Equilibrium
MBR 7: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

Single Phase (Gas) Systems (SPS)
SPS 1: Ideal Gases
SPS 2: Non-Ideal Gases: Equations of State
SPS 3: Non-Ideal Gases: The Compressibility Factor Chart

Multiphase Systems (MPS)
MPS 1: Air-Water Systems
MPS 2: Gas-Liquid Systems
MPS 3: Bubble and Dew Point Calculations
MPS 4: The Psychrometric Chart
MPS 5: Solid-Liquid Systems
MPS 6: Liquid-Liquid Systems

Introduction to Energy Balances (IEB)
IEB 1: The Energy Balance Equations
IEB 2: Enthalpy Tables

Energy Balances for Non-Reactive Processes (EBN)
EBN 1: Latent and Sensible Enthalpy Changes
EBN 2: Mean Heat Capacity
EBN 3: Simultaneous Material and Energy Balances
EBN 4: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

Energy Balances for Reactive Processes (EBR)
EBR 1: Hess’ Law of Heat Summation
EBR 2: Heat of Reaction from Heats of Formation
EBR 3: Heat of Reaction as a Function of Temperature
EBR 4: Heat Loss from an Incinerator
EBR 5: Adiabatic Flame Temperature Calculation
EBR 6: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis

Solutions to Problems

Appendix: SI Units

Index

Joseph Reynolds
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 224 pages. ISBN 1-882767-11-X.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Logarithms and Exponents · The Avogadro Number · Conversion of Weight Percent to Atom Percent · Conversion of Atom Percent to Weight Percent · Average Atomic Weight · Temperature · Pressure · Ideal Gas Constant · Integration

Problems
Crystallography of Perfect Crystals (CPC)
CPC 1: Coordination Numbers
CPC 2: Geometry of Metallic Unit Cells
CPC 3: Geometry of Ionic Unit Cells
CPC 4: Packing Factor
CPC 5: Density Calculation
CPC 6: Directions and Planes
CPC 7: Linear Density
CPC 8: Planar Density

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
XRD 1: Interplanar Spacing
XRD 2: Bragg’s Law
XRD 3: Forbidden Planes
XRD 4: Experimental Measurement of the Cell Constant

Crystallography of Real Crystals (CRC)
CRC 1: Structural Defects in Crystals
CRC 2: Substitutional Impurities
CRC 3: Interstitial Impurities
CRC 4: Wustite

Phase Diagrams (PHD)
PHD 1: The “1-2-1” Rule
PHD 2: Determining Phase Compositions and Amounts
PHD 3: Determining an Unknown Temperature
PHD 4: Eutectic Formation
PHD 5: The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
PHD 6: Pearlite Formation

Mechanical Properties (MCP)
MCP 1: The Elastic (or Young’s) Modulus
MCP 2: The Instron Tester
MCP 3: Poisson’s Ratio
MCP 4: The Shear and Bulk Moduli
MCP 5: Cold-Working

Electrical Properties (ELP)
ELP 1: Resistivity
ELP 2: Semiconductors
ELP 3: Wustite, the Semiconductor

Time-Dependent Reactions (TDR)
TDR 1: Diffusion
TDR 2: The Arrhenius Equation
TDR 3: The TTT Diagram
TDR 4: Martensite

Solutions to Problems

Appendix 1: Selected Elements

Appendix 2: SI Units

Index

Louis Theodore
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Bronx NY

Robert Allen
ABB Simcon, Bloomfield NJ

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 424 pages. ISBN 1-882767-10-1.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Estimation of Vapor Pressure · Gas Concentration · BOD, COD and UOD · Discharge Velocity · Reynolds Number · Conservation Law for Mass · Collection Efficiency · Efficiency of Multiple Collectors · Stoichiometry · Complete Combustion of a Gas · Humidity · Chemical Kinetics · Reaction Mechanisms · Arrhenius Equation · Chemical Reaction Equilibrium · Conservation Law for Energy · Required Heat Rate · Standard Enthalpy of Reaction · Gross Heating Value · Linear Regression Analysis · Decision Trees · Flow Diagrams ·

Problems
Part 1: Introduction to Pollution Prevention
Regulations (REG)
REG 1: Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
REG 2: Ultimate Disposal Options
REG 3: Liability
REG 4: Collection or Destruction and Removal Efficiency

Stoichiometry (STC)
STC 1: Material Balances
STC 2: Incineration Application
STC 3: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
STC 4: Thermal Pollution
STC 5: Unknown Hydrocarbon
STC 6: Lime Requirements for Acid Gas Control

Source Reduction (RED)
RED 1: Waste Minimization Assessment Procedure
RED 2: Process and Equipment Modifications

Recycling (CYC)
CYC 1: On-site and Off-site Recycling
CYC 2: Recovery of Potassium Nitrate

Treatment (TRT)
TRT 1: Estimating Incinerator Adiabatic Flame Temperature
TRT 2: Adsorption

Ultimate Disposal (ULT)
ULT 1: Fly Ash Disposal
ULT 2: Deep-well Injection in Salt Beds

Part 2: Volatile Organic Compound Applications
Coating (COT)
COT 1: Emission Factors
COT 2: Furniture Coating
COT 3: Automobile Applications
COT 4: Coating of Cans

Cutback Asphalt (CUT)
CUT 1: Rapid Cure Cutback Asphalt
CUT 2: Emulsion Asphalt

Degreasing (DEG)
DEG 1: Pollution Prevention Options
DEG 2: Cold Cleaner Degreasers
DEG 3: Open Top Vapor Degreasers
DEG 4: Degreaser Emissions Reduction

Petroleum (PET)
PET 1: Recovery of Gasoline Vapors From Tank Trucks
PET 2: Offset for Bulk Plants
PET 3: Gasoline Service Stations
PET 4: Petroleum Storage Tanks

Part 3: Industrial and Domestic Applications
Industrial Applications (IND)
IND 1: Waste Classification
IND 2: Paper Waste Reduction
IND 3: An Industrial Small Quantity Generator (SQG)
IND 4: Weighted Sum Method

Domestic Applications (DOM)
DOM 1: Personal Pollution Prevention
DOM 2: Refueling of Automobiles
DOM 3: Solid Waste Volume Reduction Due to Home Compactor
DOM 4: Water Applications
DOM 5: Community Recycling
DOM 6: Pollution Prevention Through Water Conservation

Energy Conservation (ENC)
ENC 1: Combustion of Coal
ENC 2: Alternate Energy Sources
ENC 3: Retrofitting Office Lighting Systems
ENC 4: Coal Fired Power Plant

Part 4: Other Pollution Prevention Considerations
Degree-of-Freedom Analysis (DOF)
DOF 1: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
DOF 2: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Chemical Reaction
DOF 3: Missing and Excess Information
DOF 4: Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Energy Application

Economics (ECO)
ECO 1: Rechargeable Batteries
ECO 2: Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
ECO 3: Total Capital Cost
ECO 4: Pollution Prevention Credits
ECO 5: Paper vs. Ceramic Cups
ECO 6: Reducing Plant VOC Emissions

Ethics (ETH)
ETH 1: Definitions
ETH 2: Human Interactions
ETH 3: Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST)
ETH 4: Theory of Sufficient Challenge

Health and Safety (HSA)
HSA 1: Threshold Limit Values for Mixtures
HSA 2: Ventilation
HSA 3: Feedstock pH Control by Blending
HSA 4: Accidental/Emergency Discharge into a Lake/Reservoir
HSA 5: Lifetime Individual Risk Assessment/Characterization
HSA 6: Effects of VOCs from POTWs

Solutions to Problems

Appendix A: Steam Tables

Appendix B: Psychrometric Chart

Appendix C: SI Units

Index

Two Sample (NCEES) PE Examinations in Chemical Engineering
Problems and Solutions for Chemical Engineers

Udomlug Siriphonlai
Ann Marie Flynn
Louis Theodore

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 2000 Louis Theodore. 340 pages.

Table of Contents

ABOUT THE THEODORE TUTORIAL

ON BECOMING A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

INTRODUCTION TO THE NCEES PE EXAMINATION

WHAT TO EXPECT (drawn in part from the NCEES literature)

PREFACE TO THIS THEODORE TUTORIAL

PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW IN USING THIS THEODORE TUTORIAL

ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS

FLUIDS

AFA1 Flow Through Pipes and Fittings I
AFP1 Units; Multi-line Flow
AFP2 Density and Viscosity Effects; Pump Requirements; Pipe Economics
BFA1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
BFA2 Particle Settling Velocity
BFP1 Flow Through Pipes and Fittings II

HEAT TRANSFER

AHA1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger I
AHP1 Heat Exchanger Definitions; Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
BHA1 Optimum Design of Pipe Insulation
BHA2 Thermal Radiation
BHP1 Design of a Trombone Heat Exchanger
BHP2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger II

KINETICS

AKA1 Batch Reactor
AKP1 Chemical Kinetics Fundamentals
BKA1 Minimum Volume of CSTR’s in Series
BKP1 Conversion Mechanisms

MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES

ASA1 Stoichiometric Principles
ASA2 Flame Temperature
ASP1 Enthalpy Calculations
ASP2 Humidity Calculations
BSA1 Lime Requirement for Acid Gas Control
BSA2 Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature
BSP1 Material Balances on Multiple Units
BSP2 Flue Gas Flow Rate Calculations

MASS TRANSFER

AMA1 McCabe-Thiele Distillation
AMP1 Adsorption Fundamentals and Regeneration
AMP2 Absorber Tower Height and Diameter
BMA1 Tray Efficiency Using McCabe-Thiele Method
BMA2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
BMP1 Adsorber Design

PLANT DESIGN

APA1 Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection
APP1 Recycle Process; Cooling Tower Calculations
APP2 Reactor Conversion; Liquid-Vapor Separator Design; Explosion Principles
BPA1 Thermal Pollution
BPA2 Reduction of Degreaser Emissions
BPP1 Quick Sizing of Distillation Columns

THERMODYNAMICS

ATA1 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant
ATP1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals
BTA1 Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature (TAFT) for a Combustion Waste Mixture
BTP1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium

SOLUTIONS

Solutions to FLUIDS
Solutions to HEAT TRANSFER
Solutions to KINETICS
Solutions to MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES
Solutions to MASS TRANSFER
Solutions to PLANT DESIGN
Solutions to THERMODYNAMICS

APPENDIX
INDEX
EPILOGUE

Joseph Reynolds
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1995 Louis Theodore. 288 pages. ISBN 1-882767-15-2.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations of PRO/II Simulation (BAS)
BAS 1. The Keyword Input File
BAS 2. Processing a Keyword Input File
BAS 3. The General Data Section
BAS 4. The Component Data Section
BAS 5. The Thermodynamic Data Section
BAS 6. The Stream Data Section
BAS 7. The Unit Operations Data Section
BAS 8. The SPEC Statement
BAS 9. The DEFINE Statement

Simple Unit Operations (SOP)
SOP 1. The VALVE Module
SOP 2. The MIXER Module
SOP 3. The PUMP Module
SOP 4. The SPLITTER Module
SOP 5. The FLASH Module
SOP 6. The COMPRESSOR Module
SOP 7. The EXPANDER Module

Heat Exchangers (HEX)
HEX 1. The HX (Simple Heat Exchanger) Module
HEX 2. The HXRIG (Rigorous Heat Exchanger) Module

Reactors (REA)
REA 1. The REACTOR (General Reactor) Module
REA 2. The GIBBS (Gibbs Reactor) Module
REA 3. The PLUGFLOW (Plug Flow Reactor) Module
REA 4. The CSTR (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor) Module

Columns (DIS)
DIS 1. The SHORTCUT (Shortcut Distillation) Module
DIS 2. The COLUMN (Rigorous Distillation) Module

Miscellaneous Features (MIS)
MIS 1. Scaling a Flowsheet
MIS 2. The STCALC (Stream Calculator) Module
MIS 3. Recycle Loops
MIS 4. The CONTROLLER ( Feedback Controller) Module
MIS 5. The CALCULATOR ( Calculator) Module
MIS 6. The OPTIMIZER (Flowsheet Optimizer) Module
MIS 7. OPTIMIZER/CALCULATOR Combination

Solutions to Problems

Appendix

Index

Francis B. Taylor
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1994 Louis Theodore. 186 pages. ISBN 1-882767-13-6.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Calculating the Probability of An Event · Application of the Addition Theorem · Application of the Multiplication Theorem · Calculation of Expected Value: Discrete Case · Calculation of Expected Value: Continuous Case · Calculation and Interpretation of Mean and Variance: Discrete Case · Calculation and Interpretation of Mean and Variance: Continuous Case · Probability Calculations for Standard Normal Variables · Probability Calculations for Non-Standard Normal Variables · Estimation of Population Mean and Variance · Probability Calculations Concerning the Sample Mean · Calculation of Type I and Type II Errors in Testing Hypotheses

Problems
Bayes’ Theorem (BAY)
BAY. 1: Plant Origins of Defective Items
BAY. 2: Cause of Chemical Plant Explosion

Reliability (REL)
REL. 1: Reliability of Series and Parallel Systems
REL. 2: Reliability of Overseas Flight

Binomial Distribution (BIN)
BIN. 1: Sampling With Replacement
BIN. 2: Sampling Without Replacement

Hypergeometric Distribution (HYP)
HYP. 1: Sampling Without Replacement
HYP. 2: Acceptance Sampling Plan Evaluation

Poisson Distribution (POI)
POI. 1: Computer Breakdowns
POI. 2: Defective Welds
POI. 3: Reliability of Standby Redundant System

Weibull Distribution (WEI)
WEI. 1: Failure Probability from Failure Rate Using the Weibull Distribution
WEI. 2: Estimation of Weibull Parameters

Log-Normal Distribution (LNO)
LNO. 1: Time to Failure of Electric Motors
LNO. 2: Interrequest Times for Computer Service

Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS)
MCS. 1: Monte Carlo Simulation of Time to Failure
MCS. 2: Monte Carlo Simulation of Normally Distributed Times to Failure

Confidence Intervals for Means (CIM)
CIM. 1: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Urban Population Mean Ozone Measurement
CIM. 2: Small Sample Confidence Interval for Population Mean Gas Mileage

Confidence Intervals for Proportions (CIP)
CIP. 1: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Proportion of Accidents Due to Unsafe Working Conditions
CIP. 2: Sample Size for Estimating Proportion Defective

Testing Hypotheses Concerning Means (THM)
THM. 1: Large Sample Test of Hypothesis Concerning Mean Compressive Strength of Steel Beams
THM. 2: Small Sample Test of Hypothesis Concerning Mean Tar Content of Cigarettes

Testing Hypotheses Concerning Variances (THV)
THV. 1: Testing Hypothesis Concerning the Variability of Gas Mileage
THV. 2: Comparison of the Variability of Battery Life for Two Brands of Battery

Chi-Square Tests (CHI)
CHI. 1: Testing Assumption Concerning Pdf of Interrequest Times for Computer Service
CHI. 2: Independence of Work Shift and Quality of Output

Regression Analysis (REG)
REG. 1: Linear Regression of Yield of Chemical Reaction on Temperature
REG. 2: Correlation of Resistance and Failure Time of Transistors

Analysis of Variance (ANV)
ANV. 1: Comparison of Effect of Food Supplements on Milk Yield
ANV. 2: Effect of Rubber Mix and Curing Time on Tensile Strength
ANV. 3: Diet and Drug Effects on Stimulus Response Time

Nonparametric Tests (NPT)
NPT. 1: Paired Comparison of Instruments Measuring Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
NPT. 2: Comparison of Disconnect Forces Required to Separate Electrical Connectors

Solutions to Problems

Table I. Areas under a standard normal curve

Table II. Student’s Distribution

Table III. Chi-Square Distribution

Table IV. F-Distribution (A)

Table V. F-Distribution (B)

P. T. Vasudevan
Department of Biochemical Engineering
University of New Hampshire

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1996 Louis Theodore. 370 pages. ISBN 1-882767-20-9.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Forcing Functions in Process Control · Important Theorems in Laplace Transforms · Laplace Transform and Inversion · Solution of Linear Differential Equations using Laplace Transforms · Deviation Variables and Linearization · Complex Algebra · Block Diagram Rules · Important Parameters in Process Control · Determination of time constant · Location of roots of characteristic equations · Terms used to describe an underdamped system · Basic Terms in Feedback Control · Controller Tuning Formulae · Complex Fortran Frequency Analysis · Runge-Kutta Technique · Newton-Raphson Technique ·

Problems
Dynamic Behavior of First Order Systems (DFO)
Heated Tank · Gas Pressure · Mixing Process · Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor · Liquid-Level System · Pumped Tank

Sensors, Transductors, Control Valves and Controllers [Hardware(HW)]
Calibration of Flow and Temperature Transductors · Sizing of Control Valves in Liquid Service Control Valve Safety · Sizing of Control Valves: Cavitation and Flashing · Installed and Inherent Control Valve Characteristics · Sizing of Control Valves in Gas Service · Feedback Controller Action · Feedback Controllers

Dynamic Behavior of Second Order Systems (DSO)
Non-Interacting Tanks · Interacting Tanks · Inherent Second-Order Systems · Underdamped Systems and Dynamic Response

Block Diagram Analysis (BDA)
Simple Feedback Loop · Cascade Control

Dynamic Behavior of Feedback-Control Processes (DBFC)
Effect of Proportional Control Action · Effect of Integral Control Action · Effect of Derivative Control Action · Underdamped Behavior in Multicapacity Processes

Stability Analysis of Feedback Systems (SA)
Routh Criterion for Stability · Stability Analysis of a Heat Exchanger · Effect of Dead-Time on
Stability · Root Locus Analysis

Design and Tuning of Feedback Controllers (DTFC)
Selection of Controllers · Controller Selection based on Simple Performance Criteria · Open Loop Controller Tuning · Dynamic Performance Criteria

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
Response of a System to a Sinusoidal Input · Bode Plots · Bode Stability Criterion · Closed Loop Tuning Techniques · Determination of System Parameters from Pulse Techniques · Pulse Testing

Advanced Control Techniques (ACT)
Cascade Control · Feedforward Control · Dead-time Compensation · MIMO Systems: Degree of Freedom Analysis · Control Configuration for Multiple Loops · Interaction and Relative-Gain Matrix

Solutions to Problems

Index

David Kauffman
Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department
The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1992 Louis Theodore. 254 pages. ISBN 1-882767-08-X.

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Process Synthesis
Known Processes · New Processes

Process Economics
Capital Costs · Operating Costs · Overall Economics

Flow Sheets
Block Diagrams · Process Flow Sheets · Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams

Continuous and Batch Operations
Continuous Operations · Batch Operations

Material and Energy Balances
Once-through Systems · Recycle Systems

Short-cut Equipment Design Methods
Liquid Handling · Gas Handling · Solids Handling · Heating and Cooling · Chemical
Reactions · Separations

Materials of Construction
Strength of Materials · Corrosion · Comparative Costs

Utility Systems
Steam Systems · Cooling Water · Other Utilities

Shipping and Storage
Shipping Facilities · Tank Farms

Plant Layout
Process Flow Approach · Common Equipment Approach

Process Control and Instrumentation
Instrumentation and Measurement · Control Loops · Alarms and Trips · Computer Control

Plant Reliability
Safety Factors in Design · Redundancy in Design

Plant Safety
Fire and Explosion Hazards · Toxic Materials Hazards · Plant Safety Analyses · Operating Procedures

Worker Health and Safety
Protective Equipment · Training · Operating Procedures

Environmental Controls
Air Emissions · Toxic Air Emissions · Water Pollution Control · Solid Waste · Hazardous Waste

Problems
Process Synthesis and Selection (PSS)
PSS 1: Scale-up of a Lab Process: Sulfur Removal from Oil
PSS 2: Scale-up of an Existing Process: Ethanol Synthesis
PSS 3: Batch vs. Continuous Processing: Lube Oil Refining
PSS 4: Material Balance, Once Through: BTX Separations
PSS 5: Material Balance with Recycle: Toluene Disproportionation
PSS 6: Energy Balance: Manufacture of Ammonia
PSS 7: Material Balance: Accounting for By-Products

Process Economics (PE)
PE 1: Capital Cost Estimation: Heat Exchanger
PE 2: Operating Cost Estimation: Pump
PE 3: Simple Process Comparison: Ethylene Oxide Manufacture, Air vs. Oxygen
PE 4: Economic Equipment Selection: Pumps
PE 5: Economic Process Selection: Heat Exchange

Short-Cut Equipment Design Methods (SCD)
SCD 1: Pump Specification
SCD 2: Compressor Specification
SCD 3: Heat Exchanger Sizing
SCD 4: Distillation Column Sizing
SCD 5: Liquid-Vapor Separator Design
SCD 6: Storage Tank Design

The Overall Process Plant (OPP)
OPP 1: Steam Distribution
OPP 2: Cooling Tower Operation
OPP 3: Maximum Flare System Capacity
OPP 4: Heat Exchanger Networks
OPP 5: Storage Requirements for a Chemical Plant

Process Control (PC)
PC 1: Instrument Accuracy and Precision: Flow Measurement
PC 2: Temperature Measurement: Use as Indirect Composition Measurement
PC 3: Trip and Alarm Logic
PC 4: Control Stability: Heat Exchanger

Process Hazards (PH)
PH 1: Estimating Air missions: Tank Filling
PH 2: Estimating Effect of Worst-Case Explosion
PH 3: Estimating Energy of an Explosion from Damage Assessment
PH 4: Fire Water Requirements to Cool a Tank
PH 5: Maintenance Problem: Purging a Vessel to Permit Entry

Process Reliability and Safety (PRS)
PRS 1: Fault Tree Analysis: Constructing a Fault Tree for Rupture of a Reactor
PRS 2: Fault Tree Analysis: Calculating Overall Event Probability
PRS 3: HAZOP Applied to a Tank Car Loading Facility

Solutions to Problems

Appendix: SI Units and Conversion Factors

References

Index

Louis Theodore and Joseph Reynolds
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1992 Louis Theodore. 241 pages. ISBN 1-882767-04-7

Table of Contents

Basic Operations
Conversion of Units · Weight and Mole Fraction · Average Molecular Weight · Temperature Terms · Pressure Terms · Ideal Gas Law · Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate · Average Velocity · Reynolds Number · Conservation Law for Mass · Stoichiometry · Complete Combustion of a Gas · Critical and Reduced Properties · Chemical Kinetics · Integration · Differentiation · Newton-Raphson · Decision Trees · Flow Diagrams

Problems
Stoichiometry (STC)
STC 1: Combustion with Stoichiometric Air
STC 2: Combustion with Excess Air

Ideal Gas Law (IGL)
IGL 1: Density and Concentration Calculations
IGL 2: Flue Gas Flow Rate

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT)
FLT 1: Conservation Law for Energy
FLT 2: Required Heat Rate

Non-Ideal Gas Law (NIG)
NIG 1: Virial Equation of State
NIG 2: Pitzer’s Correlation
NIG 3: Tank Volume Mass
NIG 4: Redlich-Kwong Equation

Second Law of Thermodynamics (SLT)
SLT 1: Enthropy Change for Liquids and Solids
SLT 2: Enthropy Change for an Ideal Gas

Sensible and Latent Enthalpy Effects (SAL)
SAL 1: Sensible Enthalpy Changes
SAL 2: Effect of Temperature on Heat Capacity
SAL 3: Estimating Enthalpy of Vaporization
SAL 4: Heat of Vaporization from Vapor Pressure Data

Thermochemistry (TMC)
TMC 1: Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
TMC 2: Gross Heating Value
TMC 3: Estimating Incinerator Adiabatic Flame Temperature
TMC 4: Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature (TAFT)
TMC 5: Adiabatic Flame Temperature (AFT)
TMC 6: Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature (TAFT) for a Combustible Waste Mixture

Non-Ideal Solution (NIS)
NIS 1: Generalized Correlation for Pure Liquids
NIS 2: Generalized Correlation for Pure Gases
NIS 3: Adiabatic Solution Temperature Change
NIS 4: Evaporator Design

Phase Equilibrium (PEQ)
PEQ 1: Henry’s Law
PEQ 2: Bubble and Dew Point Pressure
PEQ 3: Bubble and Dew Point Temperature
PEQ 4: Unknown Component

Chemical Reaction Equilibrium (CRE)
CRE 1: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant
CRE 2: Effect of Temperature on the Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant
CRE 3: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant for Chlorine
CRE 4: Chlorine Emissions
CRE 5: Dissociation of Bromine
CRE 6: Estimating Heat Capacity Data

Environmental Control (ENV)
ENV 1: Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Emissions
ENV 2: Environmental Considerations in pH Control

Risk Analysis (RSK)
RSK 1: Gas Fireball
RSK 2: Drum Explosion

Solutions to Problems

Appendix: SI Units

Index

Christine Hellwege
Dr. Zella Kahn-Jetter
Dr. Joseph Reynolds
Dr. Robert Borrmann
Dr. Louis Theodore

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1998 Louis Theodore. 807 pages. ISBN 1-882767-22-5.

Table of Contents

About the THEODORE TUTORIALS
Preface
Preface to This Tutorial
Procedure to Follow in Using This Tutorial
Additional Suggestions
Note from the Authors

Examinations A and B

Chemistry (CHEM)

CHEM 1A. The Periodic Table of Elements
CHEM 1B. Properties of Elements and Compounds
CHEM 2A. Cations/Anions
CHEM 2B. Symbolic Notation
CHEM 3A. Ideal Gas Law
CHEM 3B. Mass and Mole Fraction
CHEM 4A. Ideal Gas Law Application
CHEM 4B. pH
CHEM 5A. Ionization
CHEM 5B. Conversion Factors
CHEM 6A. Stoichiometry
CHEM 6B. Stoichiometric Application
CHEM 7A. Combustion with Stoichiometric Air
CHEM 7B. Oxidation – Reduction Reaction
CHEM 8A. Combustion Application
CHEM 8B. Combustion with Excess Air
CHEM 9A. Le Chatelier’s Principle
CHEM 9B. Reaction Kinetics
CHEM 10A. Reaction Types
CHEM 10B. Equilibrium Constant

Mathematics (MATH)

MATH 1A. Area and Volume Calculation
MATH 1B. Trigonometric Functions
MATH 2A. Algebraic Equations
MATH 2B. Quadratric Equations
MATH 3A. Conic Definitions
MATH 3B. Equation of an Ellipse
MATH 4A. Simultaneous Solution of Two Non-linear Algebraic Equations
MATH 4B. Factorials
MATH 5A. Limits
MATH 5B. Binomial Formulas
MATH 6A. Permutations
MATH 6B. Combinations
MATH 7A. Mutually Exclusive Events
MATH 7B. Repeated Trials
MATH 8A. Statistical Definitions
MATH 8B. Series and Parallel Systems
MATH 9A. Variance
MATH 9B. Probability Distribution
MATH 10A. Derivatives
MATH 10B. Trigonometric Definitions
MATH 11A. Logarithmic Differentiation
MATH 11B. Derivatives of Inverse Functions
MATH 12A. First and Second Derivative
MATH 12B. Maxima and Minima
MATH 13A. Partial Derivatives
MATH 13B. Higher Order Parial Derivatives
MATH 14A. Integration
MATH 14B. Integration Application
MATH 15A. Area Integration
MATH 15B. Volume Integration
MATH 16A. Integration by Parts
MATH 16B. Trigonometric Integration
MATH 17A. Order and Degree Differential Equations
MATH 17B. Separation of Variables
MATH 18A. Exact Differentials
MATH 18B. Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
MATH 19A. Determinants
MATH 19B. Matrices
MATH 20A. Vector Operators
MATH 20B. Laplace Transforms

Materials (MATL)

MATL 1A. Crystals: Geometry of Metallic Unit Cells
MATL 1B. Crystals: Geometry of Ionic Unit Cells
MATL 2A. Crystals: Packing Factor
MATL 2B. Crystals: Density Calculation
MATL 3A. Crystal Directions
MATL 3B. Crystal Planes
MATL 4A. Mechanical Properties: The Instron Tester
MATL 4B. Cold-Working
MATL 5A. Phase Diagrams: The “1-2-1” Rule
MATL 5B. Phase Diagrams: Determining Phase Compositions
MATL 6A. Phase Diagrams: The Inverse Lever Law
MATL 6B. Phase Diagrams: Determining an Unknown Temperature
MATL 7A. The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
MATL 7B. Resistivity
MATL 8A. Diffusion
MATL 8B. The TTT Diagram for Steel

Thermodynamics (THRM)

THRM 1A. Temperature Terms
THRM 1B. Pressure Terms
THRM 2A. Ideal Gas Law
THRM 2B. Actual Volumetric Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate
THRM 3A. Conservation Law for Mass
THRM 3B. Humidity
THRM 4A. Combustion with Stoichiometric Air
THRM 4B. Combustion with Excess Air
THRM 5A. Conservation Law for Energy
THRM 5B. Required Heat Rate
THRM 6A. Conservation Law for Energy Revisited
THRM 6B. Adiabatic Compression Application
THRM 7A. Reversible Work of Expansion
THRM 7B. Reversible Work
THRM 8A. Estimating Enthalpy of Vaporization
THRM 8B. Steam Tables
THRM 9A. Thermal Conductivity
THRM 9B. Heat Exchange Calculation
THRM 10A. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
THRM 10B. Gross Heating Value
THRM 11A. Entropy Change for Liquids and Solids
THRM 11B. Entropy Change for an Ideal Gas
THRM 12A. Cyclic Processes
THRM 12B. Refrigeration Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Fluid Mechanics (FLMC)

FLMC 1A. Definitions
FLMC 1B. Surface Tension
FLMC 2A. Hydrostatics
FLMC 2B. Buoyancy
FLMC 3A. Conservation Law for Mass
FLMC 3B. Velocity Distribution and Volumetric Flow Rate
FLMC 4A. Reynolds Number
FLMC 4B. Particle Settling Velocity
FLMC 5A. Bernoulli’s Equation
FLMC 5B. Friction Loss in Pipes
FLMC 6A. Loss Coefficients
FLMC 6B. Prime Movers
FLMC 7A. Momentum
FLMC 7B. Open Channel Flow
FLMC 8A. Mach Number
FLMC 8B. Fluid Measurements

Dynamics (DYNA)

DYNA 1A. Kinematics – Rectangular Coordinates
DYNA 1B. Kinematics – Transverse and Radial Components
DYNA 2A. Straight Line Motion
DYNA 2B. Projective Motion
DYNA 3A. Kinetics
DYNA 3B. One Dimensional Motion
DYNA 4A. Kinetics – Normal and Tangential Components
DYNA 4B. Impulse and Momentum
DYNA 5A. Impulse and Momentum – One Dimensional Motion
DYNA 5B. Conservation of Energy
DYNA 6A. Impact
DYNA 6B. Friction Force
DYNA 7A. Plane of a Rigid Body
DYNA 7B. Rigid Body Rotation About a Fixed Point
DYNA 8A. Instantaneous Center of Rotation
DYNA 8B. Banking of Curves
DYNA 9A. Free Vibration
DYNA 9B. Torsional Free Vibration

Mechanics of Materials (MOMA)

MOMA 1A. Universal Loading
MOMA 1B. Stress-Strain Relationship
MOMA 2A. Uniaxial Loading and Deformation
MOMA 2B. Thermal Deformations
MOMA 3A. Shear Strain
MOMA 3B. Mohr’s Circle – Stress
MOMA 4A. Strain – General Case
MOMA 4B. Torsion
MOMA 5A. Shear Stress Due to Torsion
MOMA 5B. Relationships Between Load, Shear, and Moment
MOMA 6A. Normal Stresses in Beams
MOMA 6B. Shear Stresses in Beams
MOMA 7A. Deflection of Beams
MOMA 7B. Beam Columns
MOMA 8A. Long Columns
MOMA 8B. Elastic Strain Energy

Statics (STAT)

STAT 1A. Forces
STAT 1B. Resultant
STAT 2A. Resultant Components
STAT 2B. Unit Vector
STAT 3A. Resolution of a Force
STAT 3B. Moment of a Force
STAT 4A. Couples
STAT 4B. Equilibrium Requirements
STAT 5A. Equilibrium Moments
STAT 5B. Distributed Load
STAT 6A. Weight of an Object
STAT 6B. Centroid of a Composite Area
STAT 7A. Moment of Area
STAT 7B. Centroid of a Line
STAT 8A. Moment of Inertia
STAT 8B. Moment of Inertia
STAT 9A. Product of Inertia
STAT 9B. Friction
STAT 10A. Equilibrium and Friction
STAT 10B. Equilibrium and Friction
STAT 11A. Screw Thread
STAT 11B. Belt Friction
STAT 12A. Plane Truss – Method of Joints
STAT 12B. Plane Truss – Method of Sections

Electrical Circuits (ELEC)

ELEC 1A. Network Calculations
ELEC 1B. Series and Parallel Combinations
ELEC 2A. A-C Circuits
ELEC 2B. A-C Power
ELEC 3A. Controlled Sources
ELEC 3B. Controlled Sources – Continued
ELEC 4A. Diodes as Rectifiers
ELEC 4B. Semiconductor Diodes
ELEC 5A. Diode Logic
ELEC 5B. Snubber Diodes
ELEC 6A. Electric Fields & Point Charges
ELEC 6B. Electric Fields & Potentials
ELEC 7A. Resonances in A-C Circuits
ELEC 7B. Maximum Power Transfer in A-C Circuits
ELEC 8A. Inductance
ELEC 8B. Capacitance
ELEC 9A. Ideal Transformance
ELEC 9B. Maximum Power Using a Transformer
ELEC 10A. Laplace Transforms
ELEC 10B. Laplace Circuit Analysis
ELEC 11A. Operational Amplifiers
ELEC 11B. Linear Mixing in Operational Amplifiers
ELEC 12A. Sensitivity of Operational Amplifiers
ELEC 12B. Bistable Circuits

Economics (ECON)

ECON 1A. Simple Interest
ECON 1B. Compound Interest
ECON 2A. Present Worth
ECON 2B. Evaluation of Sums of Money
ECON 3A. Depreciation
ECON 3B. Break-Even Point
ECON 4A. Present Worth
ECON 4B. Perpetual Life
ECON 5A. Capital Recovery Factor
ECON 5B. Approximate Rate of Return
ECON 6A. Bonds
ECON 6B. Incremental Cost

Computers (COMP)

COMP 1A. Binary-to-Decimal Number Translation
COMP 1B. Decimal-to-Binary Number Translation
COMP 2A. Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operations
COMP 2B. Parentheses in Arithmetic Operations
COMP 3A. Arithmetic Statements
COMP 3B. Evaluation of Arithmetic Statements
COMP 4A. Relational Operations
COMP 4B. Logical Operations
COMP 5A. Simple IF Statements
COMP 5B. Block IF Statements
COMP 6A. Indexed Loops
COMP 6B. Conditional Loops
COMP 7A. Flows Diagrams
COMP 7B. Spreadsheets

Ethics (ETHC)

ETHC 1A. Definitions
ETHC 1B. Accident of Concerns
ETHC 2A. Conflict of Interest
ETHC 2B. Health Concerns
ETHC 3A. Initial Contact
ETHC 3B. Viable Options
ETHC 4A. Environmental Justice
ETHC 4B. Ignoring Data

Solutions to Examinations A and B

CHEM
MATH
MATL
THRM
FLMC
DYNA
MOMA
STAT
ELEC
ECON
COMP
ETHC

Index

Epilogue

Annalisa Leone, Dr. Joseph Reynolds and Dr. Louis Theodore
Department of Chemical Engineering
Manhattan College, Bronx NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 1998 Louis Theodore.

Table of Contents

Chemical Reaction Engineering (REAC)
REAC 1A: Reaction Rate Equation
REAC 1B: Reaction Mechanisms
REAC 2A: Conversion Variables
REAC 2B: Volume Correction Factor
REAC 3A: Arrhenius Equation
REAC 3B: Arrhenius Equation Coefficients
REAC 4A: Batch Reactors
REAC 4B: Liquid Phase Reaction
REAC 5A: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
REAC 5B: Gas Phase Reactions
REAC 6A: Tubular Flow Reactors
REAC 6B: Carbon Tetrachloride Conversion Mechanisms

Chemical Thermodynamics (THRM)
THRM 1A: Mass Flow Rate and Standard Volumetric Flow Rate
THRM 1B: Density and Concentration Calculations
THRM 2A: Critical and Reduced Properties
THRM 2B: Virial Equation of State
THRM 3A: Entropy Changes
THRM 3B: Gibb’s Phase Rule
THRM 4A: Henry’s Law
THRM 4B: Bubble and Dew Point Pressure
THRM 5A: Effect of Temperature on Heat Capacity
THRM 5B: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
THRM 6A: Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant
THRM 6B: Effect of Temperature on the Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant

Computer and Numerical Methods (COMP)
COMP 1A: Programming
COMP 1B: Integration
COMP 2A: Differentiation
COMP 2B: Newton-Raphson
COMP 3A: Runge-Kutta
COMP 3B: Linear Regression Analysis

Heat Transfer (HEAT)
HEAT 1A: Conservation Law for Energy
HEAT 1B: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
HEAT 2A: Thermal Conductivity
HEAT 2B: Convective Heat Transfer
HEAT 3A: Thermal Insulation
HEAT 3B: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
HEAT 4A: Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
HEAT 4B: Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
HEAT 5A: Heat Exchanger Definitions
HEAT 5B: Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
HEAT 6A: Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
HEAT 6B: Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Calculations

Mass Transfer (MASS)
MASS 1A: Henry’s Law
MASS 1B: Fick’s Law
MASS 2A: Spray Tower
MASS 2B: Packed Tower Absorber Design with No Data
MASS 3A: Air Stripping
MASS 3B: Adsorption Working Capacity
MASS 4A: Breakthrough Adsorption Capacity
MASS 4B: Degreaser Ventilation Cleanup
MASS 5A: Batch Distillation
MASS 5B: Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method
MASS 6A: Liquid-Liquid Extraction
MASS 6B: Leaching

Material/Energy Balances (STCH)
STCH 1A: Dalton’s Law
STCH 1B: Componential Flow Rates
STCH 2A: Material Balance Definitions
STCH 2B: Material Balance Around a Single Unit
STCH 3A: Steady and Unsteady State Systems
STCH 3B: Evaporator Calculations
STCH 4A: Recycle Diagram
STCH 4B: Recycle Calculation
STCH 5A: Balancing Reaction Equations
STCH 5B: Stoichiometry
STCH 6A: Molecular, Atomic and “Extent of Reaction” Balances
STCH 6B: Excess and Limiting Reactant
STCH 7A: Air-Water Systems
STCH 7B: Moist Air Calculations
STCH 8A: Bubble and Dew Point Calculations
STCH 8B: Enthalpy Tables
STCH 9A: The Energy Balance Equations
STCH 9B: Heat of Reaction from Heats of Formation

Pollution Prevention (PREV)
PREV 1A: Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
PREV 1B: Ultimate Disposal Options
PREV 2A: Collection Efficiency or Destruction and Removal Efficiency
PREV 2B: Waste Minimization Assessment Procedure
PREV 3A: Partial Pressures
PREV 3B: Estimating Incinerator Adiabatic Flame Temperature

Process Control (CTRL)
CTRL 1A: Feedback Control System
CTRL 1B: Feedforward Control
CTRL 2A: Block Diagrams
CTRL 2B: Forcing Functions in Process Control
CTRL 3A: Important Parameters in Process Control
CTRL 3B: Routh-Hurwitz Criterion for Stability

Process Design and Economics Evaluation (PDEE)
PDEE 1A: Capital Costs
PDEE 1B: Operating Costs
PDEE 2A: Overall Economics
PDEE 2B: Flow Sheets
PDEE 3A: Shipping by Barge
PDEE 3B: Shipping by Rail
PDEE 4A: Air Emissions
PDEE 4B: Water Pollution Control
PDEE 5A: Solid Waste
PDEE 5B: Heat Exchanger Networks
PDEE 6A: Series and Parallel Systems
PDEE 6B: Optimization of a Bridge’s Span Length through Minimum Cost

Process Equipment Design (PEQD)
PEQD 1A: Liquid Handling
PEQD 1B: Solids Handling
PEQD 2A: Gas Handling
PEQD 2B: Heating and Cooling
PEQD 3A: Flow Diagram Basis
PEQD 3B: Flow Diagram Scale-Up

Process Safety (HSAP)
HSAP 1A: Flammability Limits
HSAP 1B: Kinetic Toxicology
HSAP 2A: Fluid Flow
HSAP 2B: Flow Power Requirements
HSAP 3A: Ventilation
HSAP 3B: Ignition Delay Time

Transport Phenomena (TRAN)
TRAN 1A: Newton’s Law of Viscosity
TRAN 1B: Equation of Continuity
TRAN 2A: Flow Between Parallel Plates
TRAN 2B: Non-Newtonian Fluids
TRAN 3A: Thermal Conductivity
TRAN 3B: Heat Transfer in Solids
TRAN 4A: Fick’s Law of Diffusion
TRAN 4B: Mass Transfer in Solids
TRAN 5A: Two-Dimensional Energy Transfer in Solids
TRAN 5B: Unsteady-State Mass Transfer in Solids
TRAN 6A: Mass Transfer Equation for Incompressible Fluids
TRAN 6B: Turbulent-Flow Systems

Solutions to Examinations A and B

Zella L. Kahn-Jetter, Ph.D., PE, Philip J. Pritchard Ph.D., Graham Walker, Ph.D., and Dennis P. Pennino, M.S.M.E
Manhattan College, Riverdale NY

Published by ETS Professional Training Institute
© 2000 Louis Theodore.

Table of Contents

Automatic Controls (ACON)
ACON 1A: Feedback Transfer Functions
ACON 1B: System Stability
ACON 2A: Pole Locations
ACON 2B: System Characteristics
ACON 3A: System Errors
ACON 3B: Breakaway and Break-in Points

Computers (COMP)
COMP 1A: Conditional Looping
COMP 1B: Conditional Statements
COMP 2A: Logic Conditions
COMP 2B: Nested Looping
COMP 3A: Programming Functions
COMP 3B: Counters

Dynamic Systems (DYSY)
DYSY 1A: Energy Concepts
DYSY 1B: Spring Energy
DYSY 2A: Spring Force
DYSY 2B: Work-Energy Relationships
DYSY 3A: Kinematic Relationships Using Tangential and Normal Components
DYSY 3B: Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration
DYSY 4A: Plane Motion of a Rigid Body
DYSY 4B: Centrifugal Force
DYSY 5A: Impulse and Momentum
DYSY 5B: Free Vibration-Natural Frequency
DYSY 6A: Free Vibration-Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
DYSY 6B: Free Vibration-Energy Principals

Energy Conversion and Power Plants (ENGY)
ENGY 1A: The Otto Cycle
ENGY 1B: Brake Thermal Efficiency
ENGY 2A: Closed Feedwater Heater
ENGY 2B: Open Feedwater Heater
ENGY 3A: Brayton Cycle
ENGY 3B: Pump Efficiency

Fans, Pumps, and Compressors (FANS)
FANS 1A: Scaling Laws
FANS 1B: Fan Characteristics
FANS 2A: Pump Characteristics
FANS 2B: Net Positive Suction Head
FANS 3A: Compressor Work
FANS 3B: Compressor Isentropic Efficiency

Fluid Mechanics (FLME)
FLME 1A: Viscosity
FLME 1B: Hydrostatic Pressure Variation
FLME 2A: Forces on Submerged Surfaces
FLME 2B: Buoyancy
FLME 3A: One-Dimensional Flow: The Continuity Equation
FLME 3B: The Field Equation
FLME 4A: Pipe Flow: Laminar
FLME 4B: Pipe Flow: Turbulent
FLME 5A: Non-Circular Ducts
FLME 5B: The Impulse-Momentum Principle
FLME 6A: Drag on a Flat Plate
FLME 6B: Drag on a Sphere

Heat Transfer (HEAT)
HEAT 1A: One-Dimensional Conduction-Plane Wall
HEAT 1B One-Dimensional Conduction-Composite Wall
HEAT 2A: One-Dimensional Conduction-Cylindrical
HEAT 2B: Steady-State Heat Convection-Plane Wall
HEAT 3A: Heat Transfer from Fins
HEAT 3B: Radiation Heat Transfer
HEAT 4A: Heat Exchangers-Log Mean Temperature Difference
HEAT 4B: Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
HEAT 5A: Transient Heat Transfer-The Biot Number
HEAT 5B: Transient Heat Transfer- The Lumped Capacitance Method
HEAT 6A: Heating of a Body
HEAT 6B: Conduction with Heat Generation

Materials Science (MATS)
MATS 1A: Miller Indices
MATS 1B: Atomic Packing
MATS 2A: Diffusion
MATS 2B: Structure of Steel
MATS 3A: Alloy Composition
MATS 3B: Hardening Evaluation

Measurement and Instrumentation (INST)
INST 1A: Quantization
INST 1B: Strain Gauge Operation
INST 2A: Strain Gauge System
INST 2B: Uncertainty Analysis
INST 3A: Flow Rate Measurement
INST 3B: Manometers

Mechanical Design (MEDE)
MEDE 1A: The Endurance Limit
MEDE 1B: Design of Shafts for Fatigue
MEDE 2A: Power Screws
MEDE 2B: Efficiency of Power Screws
MEDE 3A: Bolt Stiffness
MEDE 3B: Bolt Load Factor
MEDE 4A: Bolt Joint Separation
MEDE 4B: Bolt Fatigue Loading
MEDE 5A: Failure of Rivets
MEDE 5B: Helical Springs
MEDE 6A: Shear Stress in Helical Springs
MEDE 6B: Torsion Springs

Refrigeration and HVAC (RFAC)
RFAC 1A: Coefficient of Performance
RFAC 1B: Throttling Process
RFAC 2A: Evaporator Analysis
RFAC 2B: Dehumidification
RFAC 3A: Cooling of Mixtures
RFAC 3B: Evaporative Cooling

Stress Analysis (STAN)
STAN 1A: Stress-Strain Relationships
STAN 1B: Mohr’s Circle and Pressure Vessels
STAN 2A: Mohr’s Circle and Pressure Vessels
STAN 2B: Beam Stresses
STAN 3A: Neutral Axis
STAN 3B: Shear Stresses Due to Torsion
STAN 4A: Shear Stresses Due to Transverse Loads
STAN 4B: Maximum Normal Stress Failure Theory
STAN 5A: Maximum Shear Stress Failure Theory
STAN 5B: Distortion Energy Failure Theory
STAN 6A: Maximum Shear Stress Failure Theory for Shafts
STAN 6B: Von Mises Stress Failure Theory for Shafts

Thermodynamics (THRM)
THRM 1A: Entropy and Heat
THRM 1B: Isentropic Efficiency
THRM 2A: Thermal Efficiency
THRM 2B: Process Work Done
THRM 3A: Cycle Work Done
THRM 3B: Process Heat Transfer
THRM 4A: Flow Rate Calculations
THRM 4B: 2T Cycles
THRM 5A: Gas Properties
THRM 5B: Vapor Properties
THRM 6A: Kinetic Energy
THRM 6B: Entropy Changes

Solutions to Examinations A and B